Privacy & Information Security Law Blog

On November 8, 2012, the 84th Conference of the German Data Protection Commissioners concluded in Frankfurt (Oder). This bi-annual conference provides a private forum for the 16 German state data protection authorities (“DPAs”) and the Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information Peter Schaar to share their views on current issues, discuss relevant cases and adopt Resolutions aimed at harmonizing how data protection law is applied across Germany.

On November 10, 2012, the German working group on technical and organizational data protection matters published guidelines (in German) on the technical and organizational separation requirements for automated data processing on shared IT systems (the “Guidelines”). The working group is part of the Conference of the German Data Protection Commissioners, which recently concluded its 84th Conference in Frankfurt (Oder).

On October 26, 2012, three resolutions were adopted by the closed session of the 34th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners and have been published on the conference website. Below we provide an overview of these resolutions.

The Polish Data Protection Authority (Generalny Inspektor Ochrony Danych Osbowych or “GIODO”) announced that it will host the 35th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners on September 23-27, 2013, in Warsaw, Poland. The first two days will be dedicated to the closed session, with the open sessions and side events taking place September 25-27.

In February 2013, the GIODO will facilitate the Global Accountability Project for which the Centre for Information Policy Leadership acts as Secretariat.

This year, the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners takes place in Punta del Este, Uruguay. On October 22, 2012, Article 29 Working Party President Jacob Kohnstamm kicked off the conference with the Public Voice session, sending a clear message that the Article 29 Working Party will resist EU data protection reform proposals involving the use of consent and legitimate business interests as legal bases for data processing.

Governance for next generation data applications increasingly will depend less on individual consent, and more on ...

In the opening session of the 34th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners, Conference Executive Committee Chair and Article 29 Working Party President Jacob Kohnstamm introduced this year’s conference. He noted that the topic of this year’s closed session will be profiling. Kohnstamm also indicated that future DPA conferences would focus on the closed session, which typically is comprised of current and former data protection authorities. Among the speakers in the 2012 closed session is Professor Fred H. Cate, Senior Policy Advisor for the Centre for Information Policy Leadership at Hunton & Williams LLP.

On October 15, 2012, Privacy Commissioner of Canada Jennifer Stoddart and the Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information in Germany, Peter Schaar, signed an agreement to increase intra-authority collaboration between their organizations. The agreement covers the exchange of information between the two data protection authorities, for example by informing each other of pending complaints. Notably, the agreement also addresses coordination between the DPAs with respect to their supervision of international data processing activities.

On September 22, 2012, the Peruvian Ministry of Justice and Human Rights issued a draft regulation to implement Peru’s new Personal Data Protection Law. The comment period expires on October 5, 2012; however, the U.S. Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration has requested an extension to allow additional time for comments. The Centre for Information Policy Leadership at Hunton & Williams LLP is considering high-level comments on the draft regulation. It is thought that Peru may intend to issue the final regulation prior to the 34th International ...

In a July 9, 2012 press release issued by Rodoljub Sabic, Serbia’s Commissioner for Information of Public Importance and Personal Data Protection, the Commissioner commented on his meeting with Hunton & Williams’ Lisa Sotto, who was invited to Serbia by the Commissioner and the USAID-funded Judicial Reform and Government Accountability Project to provide advice and education on data protection issues.

On June 27, 2012, the Conference of the German Federal and State Data Protection Commissioners (the “Conference”) issued a Resolution and a comprehensive guidance paper regarding data protection compliance with respect to smart metering.

Smart metering is the use of intelligent energy networks and meters for monitoring and billing purposes. According to the Resolution, smart meter systems help guarantee a sustainable energy supply in terms of resource efficiency, environmental friendliness and the efficient production, distribution and use of energy. The guidance paper issued by the Conference describes and analyzes the individual processing activities involved in the various uses of smart metering in light of German data protection law. In particular, the guidance paper describes the “use cases” in terms of the respective level of data protection involved.

On June 6, 2012, the Article 29 Working Party (the “Working Party”) adopted WP 195 (the “Opinion”) setting out the requirements for Binding Corporate Rules (“BCRs”) for processors. Similar to WP 153, the Opinion lists the requirements to be covered in the processor BCRs application form and the BCRs document itself. The Opinion likely will be welcomed by processors, in particular those that provide large-scale, multinational data processing services.

The Uruguayan Personal Data Control and Regulatory Unit has released the preliminary agenda for the 34th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners to take place October 23-24, 2012 in Punta del Este, Uruguay, at the Conrad Hotel. The conference theme is “Privacy and Technology in Balance.” The preliminary agenda with session descriptions and other information is available on the conference website at www.privacyconference2012.org.

As we previously reported, on May 3-4, 2012, the European data protection authorities’ (“DPAs’”) Spring Conference was held in Luxembourg, and the Data Protection Commissioners closed the conference by issuing a resolution on European data protection reform. In their resolution, the Data Protection Commissioners expressed general satisfaction with the ongoing modernization of the data protection frameworks of the European Union, the Council of Europe and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

On May 3, 2012, Viviane Reding, Justice Commissioner and European Commission Vice-President, delivered a speech during the European data protection authorities’ (“DPAs’”) Spring Conference, which was held in closed sessions in Luxembourg. In her speech, Commissioner Reding discussed how the proposed EU Data Protection Regulation aimed to empower the DPAs and addressed some of the DPAs’ primary concerns with the reform.

On April 19, 2012, the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”) issued a press release detailing its enforcement agenda for 2012. In a report adopted March 29, 2012, the CNIL announced that it will conduct 450 on-site inspections this year, with particular focus on the specific themes described below. The CNIL also indicated that it will continue the work started in 2011 with at least 150 additional inspections related to video surveillance, especially with respect to surveillance in locations that are frequented by large numbers of individuals.

On March 23, 2012, the Article 29 Working Party (the “Working Party”) adopted an Opinion on the European Commission’s data protection law reform proposals, including the draft Regulation that is of particular importance for businesses. The Working Party’s Opinion serves as the national data protection authorities’ contribution to the legislative process before the European Parliament and the European Council.

On March 22, 2012, the 83rd Conference of the German Data Protection Commissioners came to an end in Potsdam. The attendees indicated their general support for the European Commission’s proposed reform package aimed at modernizing and harmonizing data protection laws in the EU, but insist that Member States should have the authority to implement more stringent data protection measures for the area of public administration.

On January 25, 2012, the Article 29 Working Party (the “Working Party”) issued a Working Document providing guidance on data protection issues relating to the European Patients Smart Open Services (“epSOS”) project. epSOS is a pilot project focused on developing an information and communications technology infrastructure that enables access to patient health information (i.e., Patient Summaries) among different EU Member States for the purpose of providing medical treatment. The project also aims to facilitate the cross-border use of electronic prescriptions (i.e., ePrescriptions). epSOS involves the collaboration of a significant number of health care provider organizations and companies that contribute their knowledge and expertise to the project.

On January 12, 2012, Hunton & Williams hosted an hour-long webinar on the current enforcement environment in the U.S. and EU. The webinar, Current Trends in Global Privacy Enforcement, covered issues ranging from the Federal Trade Commission’s tougher approach to investigations to increased monitoring of corporate privacy practices by European data protection authorities. Hunton & Williams speakers included Lisa J. Sotto, partner and head of the Global Privacy and Data Security practice, London partner Bridget Treacy, London senior attorney Rosemary Jay and Brussels ...

On January 17, 2012, the European Commission initiated expedited infringement proceedings against Hungary over recent changes to its Constitution which are considered incompatible with EU law. The proceedings follow a number of changes made to the Hungarian Constitution that came into effect on January 1, 2012. Of particular concern to the Commission are amendments affecting the independence of the national data protection authority. The Hungarian government has one month to comply, or face enforcement proceedings in the European Court of Justice.

On November 30, 2011, the French Court of Cassation upheld a decision that excluded the application of the French Data Protection Act (Loi relative à l’informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés) to an investigation conducted by the French Competition Authority (Autorité de la Concurrence) on the grounds that the search and seizure was authorized by an “freedoms and custody judge” (juge des libertés et de la détention).

Shortly before Viviane Reding, Vice-President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, gave her keynote address on binding corporate rules (“BCRs”) at the IAPP Europe Data Protection Congress in Paris, Hunton & Williams co-authored two articles on BCRs with the French Data Protection Authority (“CNIL”):

In early December 2011, drafts of two legal instruments prepared by DG Justice of the European Commission to reform the EU data protection framework entered interservice consultation. This process will give other Directorates-General of the Commission the opportunity to comment on the drafts before they are formally released as legislative proposals; accordingly, changes to the drafts are likely. Following this comment period, the drafts will enter the EU legislative process, which is likely to take at least two to three years before they become law. It is believed that Justice Commissioner and Commission Vice-President Viviane Reding will formally announce final versions of the drafts at an appearance at the World Economic Forum in late January 2012.

Lithuanian firm LAWIN Lideika, Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir partneriai reports that recent amendments to Lithuania’s Law on Legal Protection of Personal Data and the Law on Electronic Communications have established a breach notification requirement. Specifically, providers of publicly-available electronic communications services or of public communications networks must notify the data protection authority of data security breaches, and, when the breach is likely to have an adverse effect on the privacy of affected individuals, the data controller also may be required ...

On November 17, 2011, the German Association for Data Protection and Data Security (“GDD”) held its 35th Privacy Conference (“DAFTA”) in Cologne, Germany. At the opening plenary session, Paul Nemitz, Director for Fundamental Rights and Citizenship of the European Commission, announced that the European Commission plans to implement a Regulation that is directly applicable to all EU Member States, to harmonize data protection laws in Europe.

On November 16, 2011, the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”) published its Annual Activity Report for 2010 (the “Report”) highlighting its main 2010 accomplishments and outlining some of its priorities for the upcoming year. This year’s Report covers events that occurred since last year’s publication of the Annual Activity Report for 2009.

On November 3, 2011, the Labor Chamber of the French Court of Cassation (the “Court”) upheld a decision against a company that unlawfully used a geolocation device to track the company car of one of its salesmen. Although the company notified the salesman that a geolocation device would be used to optimize productivity by analyzing the time he spent on business trips, the device was in fact used to monitor his working hours, which ultimately led to a pay cut.

On November 2, 2011, following welcome comments by Federal Institute for Access to Information and Data Protection (“IFAI”) Commissioner Jacqueline Peschard, the 33rd International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners opened in Mexico City with an examination of the phenomenon of “Big Data” as a definer of a new economic era. In a wide-ranging presentation, Kenneth Neil Cukier of the Economist drew into clear relief the possibilities and problems associated with combining vast stores of data and powerful analytics. He highlighted the growing ability to correlate seemingly unrelated data sets to predict behavior, reveal trends, enhance product performance and safety and derive meaning. In his remarks Cukier noted that, in an era of Big Data, much of the decision-making about data collection and use goes beyond traditional notions of privacy, touching on ethics and free will. Noting that the printing press led to the development of free speech laws, he left open the question of how Big Data may change the legal landscape.

On October 24, 2011, Israel’s Data Protection Authority, the Israeli Law, Information and Technology Authority in the Israeli Ministry of Justice (“ILITA”), announced significant developments in an information theft case affecting more than nine million Israeli citizens. In 2006, a contract worker hired by Israel’s Ministry of Welfare and Social Services downloaded a copy of Israel’s population registry to his home computer. The registry later fell into the hands of a software developer and a hacker before being disseminated on the Internet along with a program that allowed users to run searches and queries on the data. The stolen personal information included full names, identification numbers, addresses, dates of birth, dates of immigration to Israel, family status, names of siblings and other information.

On October 17, 2011, the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”) launched a public consultation on cloud computing (the “Consultation”). The Consultation seeks to gather opinions from stakeholders (clients, providers, consultants) regarding cloud computing services for businesses, to identify legal and technical solutions that address data protection concerns while taking into account the economic interests involved.

On October 10, 2011, the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”) released a video of newly-elected Chairwoman Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin presenting her priorities and vision for the future of the CNIL. Ms. Falque-Pierrotin was elected as the new Chair of the CNIL on September 21, 2011.

On September 23, 2011, the Labor Chamber of the Court of Appeals of Caen (the “Court”) upheld a decision to suspend a whistleblower program implemented by a U.S. company’s French affiliate, despite the fact that the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”) had inspected and approved the program prior to implementation. This decision follows recent amendments to the legal framework for whistleblower programs in France.

On September 29, 2011, the German federal and state data protection authorities (“DPAs”) issued a resolution on cloud computing and compliance with data protection law. The publication was released in conjunction with the DPAs’ 82nd annual conference.

On September 22, 2011, new provisions under the French Data Protection Authority’s (“CNIL’s”) internal regulation (Délibération n°2011-249 du 8 septembre 2011) came into force. The CNIL recently amended its regulations to incorporate a new chapter (Chapter IV bis) that sets forth a specific procedure for issuing privacy seals in accordance with the French Data Protection Act. The Act authorizes the CNIL to “issue a quality label to products or procedures intended to protect individuals with respect to processing of personal data, once [the CNIL] has recognized them as in compliance with the provisions of the Act.”

On September 21, 2011, the board of the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”) elected Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin as its new Chair, following Alex Türk’s resignation which he officially tendered at the board meeting.

On September 15, 2011, the data protection authority of the German federal state of Hamburg (the “DPA”) published a press release confirming that Google has significantly improved compliance with respect to the implementation of Google Analytics in Germany.  This finding is the result of two years of fruitful dialog between Google and the DPA, which was acting on behalf of the conference of German data protection authorities responsible for the private sector (the “Düsseldorfer Kreis”).

On September 14, 2011, Alex Türk announced that he will be resigning his position as Chairman of the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”), in accordance with a recent amendment to the French Data Protection Act (Loi n° 2011-334 du 29 mars 2011 relative au Défenseur des droits).  The amendment prohibits the CNIL’s Chairman from holding any other elected office or public position.  Although this restriction does not enter into force until September 1, 2012, Mr. Türk, who also serves as a senator in the French Parliament, chose to resign prior to the upcoming French ...

As reported yesterday, on June 16 and 17, 2011, the Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union hosted a high-level international data protection conference in Budapest.  The following are some highlights from the second day’s events:

• During the “New principles in the field” panel, Professor Paul De Hert of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel gave an explanation of the case I v. Finland, which was decided by the European Court of Human Rights on July 17, 2008, and which both he and European Data Protection Supervisor Peter Hustinx agreed was a key document for the concept of accountability in European data protection law.  Endre Szabó of the Hungarian Ministry of Public Administration and Justice noted that the principle of accountability had not yet been fully accepted by all members of the European Council.

On June 16, 2011, the Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union hosted the first day of a high-level international data protection conference in Budapest.  The conference was attended by approximately 150 people, most of whom are representatives of EU governments, data protection authorities (“DPAs”), the European Commission, and other governmental groups such as the Council of Europe.

The German Data Protection Authorities of Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia have issued a paper containing Frequently Asked Questions about the German statutory data breach notification requirement that went into effect on September 1, 2009.  The paper provides detailed information on key questions concerning the procedure for notification as required by Section 42a of the German Federal Data Protection Act.

On April 6, 2011, the European Commission (“the Commission”) signed a voluntary agreement with private and public stakeholders to establish data protection guidelines for companies that use radio frequency identification device (“RFID”) technology within Europe.

The agreement, entitled “Privacy and Data Protection Impact Assessment Framework for RFID Applications” (the “Framework”) requires companies to conduct privacy impact assessments for all RFID applications they implement and to take measures to address identified data protection risks before those applications are deployed in the market.  Reports of the completed privacy impact assessments must be made available to the national data protection authorities.  The Framework, which was designed in close cooperation with the European Network and Information Security Agency after consultation with the Article 29 Working Party, provides the first clear, comprehensive methodology that can be applied across all industry sectors to assess and mitigate RFID-related privacy risks.  It is intended both to assure companies that their use of RFID technology is compatible with European data protection legislation, and to enhance privacy protections for European citizens and consumers.

On April 6, 2011, the European Commission formally requested that Germany immediately comply with a March 9, 2010 judgment (C-518/07) by the European Court of Justice (the “Court”) concerning the independence of German data protection authorities (“DPAs”).

As we previously reported, the Court ruled in March 2010 that Germany had failed to properly implement the requirement that DPAs are to act with “complete independence” in exercising the functions entrusted to them, as explicitly provided by the EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. According to the Commission, 15 out of Germany’s 16 federal states have not yet undertaken any action to rectify the violation identified in the Court’s judgment. In its formal notice letter, the Commission ordered Germany to comply with the Court’s judgment within two months or risk a fine or penalty imposed by the Court.

On March 16, 2011, a meeting of the “European Privacy Platform” group of the European Parliament was held in Brussels.  The meeting provided important insights into the likely structure and content of proposed revisions to the European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC that the European Commission has been working on for the past several months.

The Council of the European Union (the “Council”) released its conclusions following meetings held on February 24 and 25, 2011, regarding the European Commission’s November 4, 2010 Communication proposing “a comprehensive approach on personal data protection in the European Union” which we reported on last November.

On February 8, 2011, the German Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information issued a concept paper setting forth concrete suggestions for the creation of a Data Protection Foundation (the “Foundation”). The German government has reserved a budget of €10 million to establish the Foundation, which it plans to do in 2011.

On February 3, 2011, the German Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information issued a press release announcing that it has approved the privacy policy formulated by Deutsche Post DHL.  This allows Deutsche Post DHL to transfer personal data abroad in accordance with its privacy policy without having to obtain approval in individual cases.  Deutsche Post DHL is the first German company to have its binding corporate rules (“BCRs”) approved at the European level, following an extensive consultation process among EU data protection authorities.

On January 24, 2011, the data protection authority of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate issued a press release regarding significant breaches of data protection law by companies that maintain websites and create user profiles.

On January 11, 2011, Michelle O’Neill, U.S. Department of Commerce Deputy Under Secretary for International Trade, held a briefing on her November 2010 meetings in Brussels with European data protection authorities.  She discussed a data protection and privacy forum that was convened in November at which she met with several high-level European regulators, including Jacob Kohnstamm, Viviane Reding and Peter Hustinx.  O’Neill mentioned “the right to be forgotten” as a current hot-button issue in Europe.  Commissioner Reding, who is firmly in charge of the reconsideration of the EU Data Protection Directive, focused on ensuring easier compliance with EU data protection rules and greater harmonization among Member States.  O’Neill stated that Peter Hustinx was encouraged by the work ongoing in the United States, including the “Green Paper” issued by the Department of Commerce.  He considers the various U.S. efforts a basis for further dialogue with U.S. authorities.  O’Neill noted that comments to the EU consultation are due January 15, 2011.  The Department of Commerce intends to file a response.

On November 25, 2010, the German data protection authorities responsible for the private sector (also known as the “Düsseldorfer Kreis”) issued a resolution on the minimum requirements for the qualifications and independence of company data protection officers (“DPOs”).  This initiative follows inspections carried out within companies that revealed a generally insufficient level of expertise among DPOs given data processing complexities and the requirements set by the Federal Data Protection Act.  The DPAs recognize that a DPO’s workload depends primarily on the size and number of data controllers the DPO supervises, industry-specific factors related to data processing and the level of protection required for the types of personal data being processed.  Changes with respect to these factors frequently increase the burden on DPOs without a compensating increase in resources needed to ensure proper oversight.

On December 1, 2010, the German Federal Ministry of the Interior (the “BMI”) issued a paper entitled “Data Protection on the Internet,” which contains a draft law to protect against particularly serious violations of privacy rights online.

Regulation of Geo Data Services

The BMI’s paper was developed in context of recent discussions regarding the regulation of geo data services.  A draft data protection code for geo data services (the “Code”), prepared by businesses under the leadership of the German Federal Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media (“BITKOM e.V.”), was also published on December 1, and now will be assessed by the BMI.

In its paper, the BMI rejects the adoption of a specific law to regulate services such as Google Street View.  The BMI believes that, to the extent service providers implement sufficient technical and organizational measures to protect data, statutory regulation is not necessary.

On November 25, 2010, the Council of Europe’s Committee of Ministers adopted a recommendation (the “Recommendation”) on the protection of individuals with regard to the automatic processing of personal data in the context of profiling.  View the press release.

The Recommendation is designed to set up safeguards for profiling activities by applying the principles established in Convention 108 to the challenges raised by profiling and by defining new principles.  It defines profiling as “an automatic data processing technique that consists of applying a ‘profile’ to an individual, particularly in order to take decisions concerning her or him or for analyzing or predicting her or his personal preferences, behaviors and attitudes.”  The term ‘profile’ refers to a set of data characterizing a group of individuals which is intended to be applied to an individual.  Interestingly, Members States may decide to exclude the public sector under certain conditions.

On November 23, 2010, the data protection authority of the German federal state of Hamburg issued a €200,000 fine against financial institution Hamburger Sparkasse AG (“Haspa”) for illegally allowing its customer service representatives access to customers’ bank data, and for profiling its customers. The bank cooperated with the DPA and has discontinued the illegal practices.

On November 19, 2010, the UK Information Commissioner’s Office (the “ICO”) announced that Google has signed an undertaking committing it to improve its data processing practices.  The undertaking follows an ICO investigation into the collection of payload data by Google Street View cars in the UK.  Google’s Senior Vice President, Alan Eustace, signed the undertaking on behalf of Google, Inc.

On November 4, 2010, the European Commission (the “Commission”) released a draft version of its Communication proposing “a comprehensive approach on personal data protection in the European Union” (the “Communication”) with a view to modernizing the EU legal system for the protection of personal data.  The Communication is the result of the Commission’s review of the current legal framework (i.e., Directive 95/46/EC), which started with a high-level conference in Brussels in May 2009, followed by a public consultation and additional targeted stakeholders’ consultations throughout 2010.  Although the Commission considers the core principles of the Directive to still be valid, the Communication equally acknowledges that the existing legal framework for data protection in the European Union is no longer able to meet the challenges of rapid technological developments and globalization.

On September 20, 2010, the German government under the leadership of the Federal Minister of the Interior held a summit on “Digitization of Cities and States - Opportunities and Limits of Private and Public Geo Data Services.”  Approximately 50 experts attended, including the Federal Minister of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, the Federal Minister of Justice and representatives from various companies, such as Deutsche Telekom, Google, Microsoft, Apple Inc., OpenStreetMap and panogate.  Numerous data protection authorities attended as well, including the Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, the Chair of the Düsseldorfer Kreis and the DPA of Hamburg.  The discussions at the summit were based on a discussion paper issued by the Federal Minister of the Interior.

According to a press report dated October 2, 2010, the German state data protection authorities responsible for the private sector (also known as the “Düsseldorfer Kreis”) continue to consider the use of Google Analytics on company websites to be illegal.  The Düsseldorfer Kreis reached this decision at a recent meeting of its Telemedia working group.  The group has indicated that it hopes to continue negotiations with Google.  Dr. Alexander Dix, the Berlin Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information who was interviewed on this issue, stated that although ...

In a recently published decision rendered on June 16, 2010, the Frankfurt am Main Higher Regional Court ruled that an Internet access provider may store IP addresses for seven days, and therefore, customers have no right to demand immediate deletion of their IP addresses.  The Court’s ruling upheld a decision originally rendered by the regional court of Darmstadt.

The claimant had requested that Deutsche Telekom AG delete the dynamic IP address assigned and stored for each Internet session immediately upon disconnection by a user.  Up to that point, the Internet provider had been retaining IP addresses for 80 days after each billing cycle.  In June 2007, the lower court granted the claimant request, imposing a maximum retention period of seven days for IP addresses.  The Internet provider reduced its IP address retention period accordingly, based on an agreement with the German federal data protection authority.

On June 17, 2010, the French data protection authority (the “CNIL”) reported that it had conducted an on-site investigation at Google on May 19 to examine activities by Google’s Street View cars.  This investigation followed Google’s May 14 announcement that it had inadvertently captured Wi-Fi signals emitted in locations where its vehicles were taking photos.

On June 18, 2010, the data protection authority of the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein published a press release and a comprehensive legal opinion on cloud computing.  The opinion provides an overview of cloud computing and discusses various practical and legal matters, including:

• Applicable law issues
• The legal basis for cloud computing and related processor and controller issues
• Problems associated with the possibility of third-party access
• The minimum requirements for data processor relationships and service provider contracts under the new German data protection law
• Technical and organizational security measures
• The legal landscape for clouds located outside the European Union

On June 17, 2010, the French data protection authority (the “CNIL”) published its Annual Activity Report for 2009 (the “Report”) in which it outlines some of its priorities for the upcoming year.

In February 2009, the CNIL published a report on online targeted advertising. Among other things, the CNIL voiced its concern regarding online behavioral and advertising activities and analyzed the risks of increasing user profiling.  In 2010, the CNIL is expected to issue a joint opinion with the Article 29 Working Party on targeted advertising and behavioral analysis.  The CNIL also will open a dialogue with several stakeholders from the marketing sector to work on adopting a code of best practices.

According to a report issued by the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (“FRA”), European data protection authorities lack sufficient independence and funding.  In addition, DPAs impose few sanctions for violations of data protection laws.  DPAs “are often not equipped with full powers of investigation and intervention or the capacity to give legal advice or engage in legal proceedings.”  In a number of countries, including Austria, France, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland and the UK, “prosecutions and sanctions for violations are limited or non-existing.”  ...

On May 7, 2010, the data protection authority of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia imposed a fine of €120,000 on Deutsche Postbank AG for illegal disclosure of customers’ bank account transaction data.  The bank unlawfully allowed approximately 4,000 self-employed agents to access information on more than a million customer accounts for sales purposes.

On April 19, 2010, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Jennifer Stoddart, and the heads of nine other international data protection authorities took part in an unprecedented collaboration by issuing a strongly worded letter of reproach to Google’s Chief Executive Officer, Eric Schmidt.  The joint letter, which was also signed by data protection officials from France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain and the United Kingdom, highlighted growing international concern that “the privacy rights of the world’s citizens are being forgotten as Google rolls out new technological applications.”

On March 17, 2010, the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”) published a report concerning on-site inspections and outlined its objectives for the coming year.  In the report, which was adopted on February 18, 2010, the CNIL indicated that it intends to conduct at least 300 on-site inspections throughout France in 2010, with a special focus on the following issues:

• ensuring compliance with CNIL decisions, in particular the CNIL’s standards for simplified notifications;
• verifying that data controllers comply with the technical recommendations defined in their registration forms; and
• assessing the effectiveness of data protection officers within organizations.

In a decision handed down on February 25, 2010, the French Constitutional Court ruled that the right to privacy derives from Article 2 of the Declaration of Human Rights, and is therefore considered a constitutional right under French law.  The Court also ruled that the legislature must strike a balance between the right to privacy and other fundamental interests, such as preventing threats to public safety, which are necessary to preserve constitutional rights and principles.

On March 9, 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that the Federal Republic of Germany’s practice of “state supervision” over data protection authorities violates EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC.  The case, brought by the EU Commission, is a milestone which will force Germany to change the structure of its DPA system and could have ramifications in other countries as well.

The Court’s decision is based on Article 28(1) of the Directive, which requires that data protection authorities (“DPAs”) act with “complete independence.” German law makes a distinction with regard to DPA supervision depending on whether the data processing is carried out by public or non-public bodies.  There are therefore different authorities responsible for monitoring public entities’ compliance with data protection provisions versus those that monitor compliance by private parties and undertakings governed by public law which compete on the market (öffentlich-rechtliche Wettbewerbsunternehmen) outside the public sector (such as transportation and utility companies).

In February 24, 2010, an Italian court in Milan found three Google executives guilty of violating applicable Italian privacy laws.  The executives were accused of violating Italian law by having allowed a video showing an autistic teenager being bullied to be posted online.  The Google executives, Senior Vice President and Chief Legal Officer David Drummond, Chief Privacy Counsel Peter Fleischer and former Chief Financial Officer George Reyes, were fined and received six-month suspended jail sentences.

On January 11, 2010, the data protection authority of the German federal state of Baden-Wurtemberg issued a press release stating that it had fined the Müller Group €137,500 for illegal retention of health-related data and failure to appoint a Data Protection Officer.

In April 2009, the German press reported that the Müller Group, a drugstore chain comprised of twelve entities and employing some 20,000 workers, was illegally collecting health data from its employees.  Specifically, employees returning from sick leave were required to complete a form and provide the reason for their sicknesses.  After conducting an investigation, the DPA confirmed these allegations.  Since 2006, the Müller Group entities had systematically requested employees returning from sick leave to identify the reasons for their sicknesses on a form that was then sent to the Group’s central Human Resources department to be scanned.  As of April 2009, approximately 24,000 records containing data on employee illnesses were being stored in Müller’s centralized HR files.

In December 2009, the German data protection authorities (“DPAs”) for the private sector published a resolution on data protection compliance for website audience measurement.  The resolution was adopted at the Düsseldorfer Kreis meeting on November 26-27, 2009.

Many website operators analyze users’ surfing behavior for advertising and market research purposes, or to adapt their websites to suit consumer preferences. To create user profiles, website operators often use software or other services that are offered by third party service providers (sometimes free of charge).

On Friday, October 23, 2009, the German Railways Operator Deutsche Bahn AG announced that they would pay a fine of over €1.1 million that was imposed on October 16, 2009 by the Berlin data protection authority.  This fine is the highest ever imposed by a German data protection authority.  The imposition of this fine follows a major data protection scandal that reportedly broke out within the company.  From 2002 to 2005, Deutsche Bahn had screened a large quantity of employee data and compared it to supplier data in an effort to combat corruption, but without specific suspicions related to ...

On September 23, 2009, the Information Commissioner's Office (the "ICO"), the UK's data protection regulator, issued a press release announcing the approval of the Hyatt Hotels Corporation's binding corporate rules ("BCR") under the new mutual recognition procedure. Hyatt is the first UK applicant to receive approval under the mutual recognition procedure.

Mutual recognition was devised to speed up the process of BCR approval by EU Data Protection Authorities ("DPAs"). Under "mutual recognition," one EU Member State's DPA acts as the lead authority on a company's BCR application. Once approved by the lead authority, the other participating members of the procedure automatically approve the BCR application.

On June 3, 2009, the French Senate’s Commission on Laws issued a report on the right to privacy in the digital age (‘La vie privée à l’heure des mémoires numériques’) (the “Report”). The issuance of the Report is perhaps the most important legislative initiative in France in the field of privacy and data protection since the implementation of the EU Data Protection Directive in 2004.

On May 13, 2009, the French Data Protection Authority (“CNIL”) published its Annual Activity Report.  The Report highlights increasing enforcement activity, noting a record number of investigations, formal notifications and fines.  Having recently celebrated its thirtieth anniversary, the CNIL stated that it seeks to constantly evolve and meet the challenges of modern society by pursuing three key points: (i) diversifying its sources of financing; (ii) increasing the number of personnel; and (iii) including data protection and privacy rights in the French constitution in the near future.

The UK Advertising Standards Authority (“ASA”) recently upheld a complaint under the UK Committee of Advertising Practice Code (“CAP Code”) which requires UK marketers to obtain the explicit consent of consumers before disclosing their personal information to third parties for direct marketing purposes.