Privacy & Information Security Law Blog

Patrick Gunning from King & Wood Mallesons reports that, on November 2, 2023, the Australian Information Commissioner filed proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia against Australian Clinical Labs Limited seeking a civil penalty (i.e., a fine) in connection with the company’s response to a data breach that occurred in February 2022. The case is significant because: (1) it is only the second time that the Australian regulator has brought court proceedings of this kind despite having the power to do so since 2014; and (2) it signals the regulator’s priority in ensuring that cybersecurity incidents are responded to swiftly. The Australian legislature increased maximum penalties for ‘serious’ contraventions of the Privacy Act with effect from December 2022 to at least A$50 million. However, the maximum penalty available in this case will be A$2.2 million because the company’s conduct occurred prior to December 2022.

On April 21, 2022, the United States, Canada, Japan, Singapore, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Chinese Taipei published a declaration (the “Declaration”) establishing the Global Cross-Border Privacy Rules Forum (the “Global CBPR Forum”). The Global CBPR Forum will establish an international certification system based on the existing APEC Cross-Border Privacy Rules (“CBPR”) and Privacy Recognition for Processors (“PRP”) Systems, enabling participation beyond APEC member economies. The Global CBPR and PRP Systems, as they will be known, are designed to support the free flow of data and effective data protection, and enable interoperability with other privacy frameworks.

On July 23, 2019, APEC issued a press release announcing the recent appointment of the Infocomm Media Development Authority (“IMDA”) as Singapore’s Accountability Agent for the APEC Cross-Border Privacy Rules (“CBRP”) and APEC Privacy Recognition for Processors (“PRP”). This makes Singapore the third APEC economy that has fully operationalized its participation in the CBPR system, following the United States, which has two CBPR Accountability Agents, and Japan, which has one CBPR Accountability Agent.

On March 6, 2018, Singapore’s Ministry of Communications and Information announced that Singapore has joined the APEC Cross-Border Privacy Rules (“CBPR”) and Privacy Recognition for Processors (“PRP”) systems. As we previously reported, Singapore submitted its intent to join both systems in July 2017.

On February 1, 2018, the Singapore Personal Data Protection Commission (the “PDPC”) published its response to feedback collected during a public consultation process conducted during the late summer and fall of 2017 (the “Response”). During that public consultation, the PDPC circulated a proposal relating to two general topics: (1) the relevance of two new alternative bases for collecting, using and disclosing personal data (“Notification of Purpose” and “Legal or Business Purpose”), and (2) a mandatory data breach notification requirement. The PDPC invited feedback from the public on these topics.

On July 27, 2017, Singapore submitted its notice of intent to join the APEC Cross-Border Privacy Rules (“CBPR”) system and the APEC Privacy Recognition for Processors System (“PRP”). Singapore would be the sixth member of the CBPR system, joining Canada, Japan, Mexico, the United States and the newest member, South Korea. The announcement was made by Dr. Yaacob Ibrahim, Minister for Communication and Information, at the Personal Data Protection Seminar 2017.

On April 14, 2015, the American Chamber of Commerce in China (“AmCham”) published a report, entitled Protecting Data Flows in the US-China Bilateral Investment Treaty (the “Report”). The Report is part of AmCham’s Policy Spotlight Series. While in principle addressed to the U.S. and Chinese teams that are currently negotiating the Bilateral Investment Treaty, the Report has been made public. It thereby provides insight into the emerging issue of data localization for the benefit of a much wider audience.

On May 16, 2014, the Singapore Personal Data Protection Commission (the “Commission”) published advisory guidelines for the implementation of its Personal Data Protection Act (the “PDPA”) for two industry sectors. The guidelines were published on the same day on which the Commission held its well-attended Personal Data Protection Seminar focusing on international perspectives on data governance. The advisory guidelines generally have the following content:

On September 24, 2013, the Singapore Personal Data Protection Commission (the “Commission”) published guidelines to facilitate implementation of the Singapore Personal Data Protection Act (the “PDPA”). The Advisory Guidelines on Key Concepts in the Personal Data Protection Act and the Advisory Guidelines on the Personal Data Protection Act for Selected Topics provide explanations of concepts underlying the data protection principles in the PDPA, and offer guidance on how the Commission may interpret and apply the PDPA with respect to certain issues (e.g., anonymization, employment, national identification numbers). The guidelines are advisory only; they are not legally binding.

Following up on its February 5, 2013 consultation paper, Singapore’s Personal Data Protection Commission has issued two additional public consultation papers concerning the guidelines the Commission is empowered to issue under the new data protection law. The first proposed set of advisory guidelines examines key concepts in the Personal Data Protection Act (“PDPA”), with thorough discussions of definitions as well as data protection obligations set forth in the PDPA. The second paper addresses selected topics: analytics and research, anonymization, employment, use of national ID numbers and online activities. In addition, the Commission has produced a cover note on how to submit comments on these public consultations.

On February 5, 2013, Singapore’s new data protection agency, the Personal Data Protection Commission, published its first consultation paper (the “Paper”) articulating proposals for a data protection regulation. The Paper outlines the Commission’s positions on three key issues: (1) requests for access and correction; (2) transfer of personal data outside of Singapore; and (3) individuals who may act for others under the Personal Data Protection Act (“PDPA”). The PDPA was passed by the Singapore Parliament in October 2012 and became law in January 2013.

On October 15, 2012, the Singapore Parliament passed the Personal Data Protection Act 2012. Though a law has been under discussion for quite some time, this bill was introduced before Parliament only recently, in September of this year. The new law will apply only to data processing in the private sector as data processing by public agencies (or organizations acting on behalf of public agencies) are already subject to internal government rules. Reportedly, the bill will become law in January 2013, enforceable after 18 months, in mid-2014.

On April 27, 2012, the Centre for Information Policy Leadership at Hunton & Williams LLP (the “Centre”) submitted comments to the latest Singapore consultation on proposed personal data protection legislation, the Personal Data Protection Act 2012. The consultation is being conducted by the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts and expired on April 30, 2012.

On September 13, 2011, the Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (the “Ministry”) published a Proposed Consumer Data Protection Regime for Singapore, outlining possible ideas for a data privacy framework and soliciting comments from the public. A few of the suggestions from the Ministry’s proposal that appear most likely to be reflected in a final data privacy law are outlined below.

On July 28, 2009,  the Data Privacy Subgroup meeting at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum in Singapore reported a number of privacy-related legislative developments on the horizon.  Among the highlights:

• On July 15, the Malaysian Cabinet approved privacy legislation to be enacted by the Parliament in early 2010 
• Vietnam is set to enact consumer protection legislation including privacy provisions in 2010 
• Hong Kong's Privacy Commissioner will soon begin a review process to evaluate how privacy law has kept up with changing technology
• The Philippines is set to enact ...