On May 29, 2014, the California Supreme Court issued its long-awaited opinion in Duran v. U.S. Bank National Association, remanding the case to the trial court due to the trial court’s flawed trial methodology.
In Duran, the plaintiff asserted misclassification claims on behalf of a putative class of Business Banking Officers of U.S. Bank, a position that involved sales of bank products such as loans and lines of credit to small business customers. These BBOs had been classified as exempt based on the outside salesperson exemption, which requires that the employee in question spend more than 50 percent of the workday engaged in outside sales.
Despite the evidence submitted by US Bank, the trial court certified the class based on evidence that (1) the BBO position was “standardized,” (2) all BBOs had been classified as exempt by the employer without a close examination of each employee’s duties or work habits, and (3) US Bank did not train or monitor BBOs to ensure that exemption requirements were satisfied.
The case then proceeded to the parties’ presentation of trial management plans, where US Bank proposed dividing the class into 20 to 30 groups and having special masters conduct individualized evidentiary hearings on liability and damages. Plaintiffs instead proposed the use of surveys and random sampling to establish liability, followed by determination of aggregate classwide damages in a second phase of the trial. Faced with two competing trial plans, the trial court developed its own plan: a court-selected random sample of 20 class members -- the Representative Witness Group (“RWG”) -- who would testify at trial and from whom liability and damages findings would be extrapolated to the rest of the class.
After a 40-day bench trial in which the court refused to consider any evidence, including any of the 75 declarations or the deposition excerpts, from (properly classified) members of the class who were not part of the RWG, the trial court found that US Bank had not carried its burden of proof that the BBOs were properly classified and thus that the entire class of BBOs was misclassified as exempt and that all class members were entitled to overtime compensation. The court calculated the total overtime restitution due the class at $8,953,832, which with prejudgment interest as of May 15, 2009, came to $14,959,565.
On appeal to California’s First Appellate District Court, the appellate court unanimously reversed the decision and ordered the class decertified, holding that (1) the trial plan denied USB’s due process right to litigate affirmative defenses, (2) the high margin of error further implicated due process concerns, and (3) it was an abuse of discretion not to decertify the class when it became so apparent that individual issues predominated.
While the California Supreme Court’s decision does not reverse the certification order outright, as did the Court of Appeals decision, and instead remands the case to the trial court, the Order nevertheless provides much needed guidance on the standards of class certification and the need for a proper class action trial management plan.
First, the Court held that trial of a class action must permit litigation of relevant affirmative defenses. If those affirmative defenses turn on individual questions, that may well mean that a class action is not an appropriate vehicle to try the case.
Second, the Court explicitly required that courts, at the class certification stage, consider a plan for how individualized issues will be managed at trial. “Trial courts must pay careful attention to manageability when deciding whether to certify a class action. In considering whether a class action is a superior device for resolving a controversy, the manageability of individual issues is just as important as the existence of common questions uniting the proposed class.” “Trial courts also have the obligation to decertify a class action if individual issues prove unmanageable.”
The Court then reviewed the statistical methods used by the trial court. Although the Court did not hold that statistical proof could never be used to certify and then try a misclassification case, the requirement that such a plan “must be conducted with sufficient rigor” will likely give all but the most obstinate jurists considerable pause. Trial courts “would be well advised” to insist upon such a plan before granting certification “[r]ather than accepting assurances that a statistical plan will eventually be developed,” a phrase that likely sounds quite familiar to those who defend against wage-and-hour class claims, and “[i]n any event, decertification must be ordered whenever a trial plan proves unworkable.”
Here, the trial plan gave new meaning to the term “unworkable.” Without any preliminary assessment of the variability in the class, “the court forced the case through trial with a flawed statistical plan that did not manage but instead ignored individual issues.” After holding that due process requires that a defendant be allowed to impeach a statistical model or otherwise show reduction of liability based on affirmative defenses, the Court turned to the more general question of the use of statistical evidence to prove classwide liability and damages. In a section entitled “Sampling Techniques Must Satisfy Realistic Guidelines to Minimize the Risk of Error,” the Court addressed the “numerous problems” that arose when proper methodology “based on inferential statistics and probability theory” were not employed. First, the sample size was too small, in large part because the court chose a sample size of 20 without input from statistical experts who could have explained the necessity to first determine variability within the class so that the sample size will be statistically appropriate and capable of producing results within a reasonable margin of error. This error was exacerbated by a non-random sample: although the draw of 20 was random, selection bias infected the RWG when the court included the named plaintiffs and replaced other class members who had opted out of the class with alternates. The trial court also excluded two other members of the RWG: one who was an “outlier” that the court did not consider a “true” BBO, and the other who did not respond to the trial subpoena. Thus the court heard testimony from 19 class members who did not opt out, were not “outliers but were rather “true” BBOs, and who appeared to testify at trial, as well as the two named plaintiffs. It refused to consider potentially contrary testimony of 10 plaintiffs that would otherwise have been included: the four previously named plaintiffs (who testified that they spent 60 to 90 percent of their workday on outside sales), the four original RWG members who opted out (two of whom admitted that they opted out at the urging of class counsel so they could be replaced by members with stronger testimony), the “outlier,” and the RWG member who failed to appear for trial. This resulted in a plaintiff-biased “Representative” Witness Group, and led to a margin of error of 43.3 percent. As the Court noted, even the plaintiffs had to concede that this was “intolerably high.”
While plaintiffs and defendants will have to wait and see what impact the Duran decision has on the class certification standards and class action trial methodology, the Duran decision should be viewed as a monumental win for defendants, particularly as to the Court’s affirmation of defendants’ rights to present individualized defenses and directives to the trial courts to assess how those and other individualized issues will be managed at trial at the class certification stage.
Search
Recent Posts
Categories
Tags
- #MeToo
- 1094-C
- 1095-C
- 2017 Tax Act
- 2018 Budget
- 2024 Election
- 29 C.F.R. § 785.48
- 3rd Circuit
- 40 & Under Hot List
- 40 Under 40
- 408(b)(2)
- 4th Circuit Court of Appeals
- 5th Circuit
- 80/20
- 9th Circuit
- 9th Circuit Court of Appeals
- A Day Without A Woman
- AAP
- AB 1506
- AB 1522
- AB 1897
- AB 2257
- AB 2751
- AB 2770
- AB 304
- AB 465
- AB 5
- AB 51
- AB 685
- AB 84
- AB51
- Abbott
- ABC Test
- Abruzzo
- Absolute Healthcare
- ACA
- Accessibility
- Accommodation
- Accommodations
- ADA
- ADAAA
- Adam Rosser
- ADEA
- Administrative Agencies
- Administrative Exhaustion
- Administrative Law Judge
- Adverse Action
- Advice
- Advice Exception
- Affirmative Action
- Affordable Care Act
- AFL-CIO
- Age Discrimination
- Agency
- Agency Developments
- Agency Fees
- Agency Relationship
- Agency Updates
- Agreement
- AI
- Air Quality Index
- airline worker
- Alan Marcuis
- Alcohol Policy
- Alcoholism
- ALJ
- ALJ Bench Book
- Alternative to Termination
- Alvarado v. Cajun Operating Company
- Alyson Brown
- Amber Rogers
- Ambush Election
- Ambush Elections
- American Health Care Act
- American Lawyer
- American Steel
- American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
- Americans for Financial Reform
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Amicus Brief
- Andy Stern
- Anna Burger
- Anna L. Rothschild
- Anti-Discrimination
- Anti-Harassment
- Anti-Harassment Training
- Anti-Poaching Agreements
- Antitrust
- APA
- Appeal
- Apprentice
- Apprenticeship Programs
- AQI
- Arbitral Deferal Standards
- Arbitration
- Arbitration Agreements
- Arbitration; Class Actions; Sexual Harassment; Employment; Retaliation
- ARRA
- Article III
- Article III Standing
- Artificial Intelligence
- Assembly Bill 51
- Assurances
- AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion
- Attorney-Client Privilege
- Audit CAP
- Awards
- Back to Work Emergency Ordinance
- Background Check
- Background Checks
- Backpay
- Ballots
- Ban The Box
- Bank Executives
- Banking
- Bankruptcy
- Banner Health Systems
- Bannering
- Bargaining Process
- Bargaining Unit
- Bargaining Units
- Bay Area Commuter Benefits Program
- Baylor
- Bellus Academy
- Benchmark Litigation
- Benefit Plans
- bereavement
- Biden Administration
- Biden Board
- Biden NLRB
- Biden Presidency
- Biden-rule
- Bill Halter
- Biometric Data
- Biometric Information
- Biometric Screening
- Biometrics
- BIPA
- Bitcoin
- Blacklisting
- Blanche Lincoln
- Blanket L-1
- Bloomberg Law
- Bob Quackenboss
- Boeing
- Bone Marrow Donor
- Bonus Plan
- Bostock
- Boston Business Journal
- Bowman
- Braille
- Breach of Fiduciary Duty
- Break Time
- Breaks
- Brett Burns
- Brian Hayes
- Bright v. 99 Cents Only Store
- Brinker
- Broken Laws, Unprotected Workers
- Brooke Hollmann
- Browning-Ferris
- Budde v. Kane County Preserve
- Budtender
- Burns Successor
- Business Closure
- Business Continuity
- Business Interruption Coverage
- business necessity
- Business Suspension
- Buy-Sell Agreements
- CACI
- CADA
- Cadillac Tax
- Caesars
- CAFA
- Cafeteria Plan
- Cal-OSHA
- Cal/OSHA
- California
- California Civil Rights Department
- California Department of Public Health
- California Developments
- California Employers
- California Employment Law
- California Employment Laws
- California Face Covering Guidance
- California Fair Pay Act
- California Kin Care Laws
- California Labor Code
- California Labor Code section 432.3
- California Law
- California Leave
- California Legislation
- California Non-Compete Agreements
- California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board
- California Supreme Court
- California Supreme Courts
- California Transparency in Supply Chain Act
- California Wages
- California Wildfires
- California Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act
- Call to Action on Jobs
- CalOSHA
- Cannabis
- Cannabis Laws
- Cannabis Oil
- Card Check
- Card Checks
- CARES Act
- Cats Paw
- CBA
- CBD Laws
- CCP Section 998
- CCPA
- CCRAA
- CDC
- Cell Phone Ban
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- cert
- Certification
- Certification Analysis
- certiorari
- CFPB
- CFRA
- Chai Feldblum
- Chairman McFerran
- Chamber of Commerce
- Chambers USA
- Change to Win
- Charge Statistics
- Checking Employee Temperature
- Chevron
- Child Care Benefits
- Chris Pardo
- Christopher M. Pardo
- Christopher Pardo
- Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham
- Circuit Split
- City Ordinances
- City Ordinances; Non-compete; Restrictive Covenants; District of Columbia
- Civil Procedure
- Civil Rights
- Civil Rights Act
- Claims-Processing
- Class Action
- Class Action Waiver
- Class Action Waviers
- Class Actions
- Class actions; collective Actions; Arbitration
- Class Arbitration
- Class Certification
- class of workers
- Class Representatives
- CLE
- Clean Air Act
- Client Employer
- Close Contact
- Closure
- Cloth Face Covering
- COBRA
- Code of Conduct
- Coercion
- Collective Action
- Collective Actions
- Collective Bargaining
- Collective Bargaining Agreement
- collective-bargaining
- collective-bargaining agreement
- Colorado
- Colorado’s Antidiscrimination Act
- Commonality Requirement
- Community Health Systems
- Commute Time
- Commuter Benefits
- Companionship Services
- Company Policies
- Compensation
- compensation analysis
- Compensation Data
- Compensation Data Collection
- Compensation Discrimination
- Compensation Excise Tax
- Compensation Policies
- complex litigation
- Compliance
- Component 2
- Concerted Activity
- Conciliation
- Concrete Injury
- Conditional Certification
- Condominiums
- Confidential Information
- Confidentiality
- Confidentiality Agreements
- Confidentiality Policies
- Confidentiality Policy
- Congress
- Consent
- Consequential Damages
- Construction
- Consumer Financial Protection
- Consumer Report
- Consumer Reporting Agency
- Consumer Reports
- Consumer Rights
- Contingency Plan
- Contraception Mandate
- Contract Bar Doctrine
- Contract Workers
- Convertino
- corona virus
- Coronavirus
- Coronavirus/COVID-19
- Corporate Counsel
- Corporate Governance
- Court of Appeals
- coverage penalty
- Covered Businesses
- Covered Service Provider
- COVID
- COVID 19 Tests and Vaccines
- Covid-10
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Guidance
- Craig Becker
- Craig Leen
- Credit Checks
- Credit Report
- Criminal Background Check
- Criminal Background Checks
- Criminal Conviction
- Criminal History
- Criminal History Discrimination
- Critical Infrastructure
- Cryptocurrency
- CSAL
- Curaleaf
- D&
- D.R. Horton
- DADT
- Daily Journal
- Dallas Business Journal
- Dallas Paid Sick Leave
- Damages
- Dana. Corp
- Daniel J. Grucza
- Data
- Data Collection
- Data Security
- Daubert
- David Lopez
- David Michaels
- Day of Rest
- day rate
- DC Circuit
- De Minimus Doctrine
- DE&I
- Debt Ceiling
- Decertification
- Defamation
- Deferral
- Definitions
- DEI
- Deliberative Process
- Delivery Drivers
- Department of Fair Employment and Housing
- Department of Homeland Security
- Department of Justice
- Department of Labor
- DFEH
- DHS
- Direct Care Workers
- Direct Deposit
- Directive 2018-01
- Directive 2018-02
- Directive 2018-03
- Directive 2018-04
- Directive 2018-05
- Directive 2018-06
- Directive 2018-07
- Directive 2018-08
- Directive 2018-09
- Disability
- Disability Accommodations
- Disability Disclosure
- Disability Discrimination
- Disability Leave
- Disclosure
- Disclosure Requirements
- Discovery
- Discrimination
- Dismissal and Notice of Rights
- Disparate Impact
- Dispute Resolution
- Distracted Driving
- Distribution Policy
- District of Columbia
- Diversity & Inclusion
- Diversity and Inclusion
- DLSE
- DOD
- DOD Act
- Dodd-Frank
- DOJ
- DOL
- DOL Guidance
- DOL Regulations
- DOMA
- Domestic Violence
- Domestic Workers
- Domino’s
- Donald Trump
- Donning and Doffing
- Doug Parker
- Dreadlocks
- Drei Munar
- Dress Code
- Dress Policies
- Drug Testing
- Drugs
- DSM
- DTSA
- Dues Checkoff
- dues deduction
- dues-checkoff
- Dukes v. Wal-Mart
- DuPont
- Duty of Fair Representation
- Duty to Bargain
- Duty to Defend
- E-3
- E-Verify
- EARN
- Earned Sick Time Act
- Ebola
- EBSA
- Economic Damages
- Economic Exigency
- Economic Loss Rule
- Economic Realities
- EEO-1
- EEO-1 Reporting
- EEOC
- EEOC Developments
- EEOC Explore
- EEOC Proposed Rules
- EEOC v. Burlington
- EEOC v. Simbaki
- EEOC v. United Parcel Service
- EEOC; EEO-1; Pay Data
- Effects Bargaining
- Election
- Election Rule
- Election Rules
- Elections
- Electronic Communications
- Electronic Communications Policy
- Electronic Data
- Electronic Disclosure Regulations
- Electronic Representation Elections
- Electronic Signature
- Electronic Timesheet
- Electronic Voting
- Eleventh Circuit
- Eliason
- Elizabeth Dougherty
- Email Policies
- Emergency Ambulance Employee Safety and Preparedness Act
- Emergency Exception
- Emergency Family and Medical Leave Expansion Act
- Emergency Family Medical Leave Expansion Act
- Emergency Paid Sick Leave
- Emergency Temporary Standard
- Emergency Temporary Standards
- Emily Burkhardt Vicente
- EMPA
- Employee
- Employee Agreements
- Employee Benefits
- Employee Benefits Academy
- Employee Classification
- Employee Classification; Wage and Hour; Labor Unions
- employee compensation
- Employee Confidentiality
- Employee Contact Information
- Employee Credit Privacy Act
- Employee Data
- Employee Discipline
- Employee Expenses
- Employee Handbook
- Employee Handbooks
- Employee Information
- Employee Leave
- Employee Misclassification Prevention Act
- Employee Misconduct
- employee notice
- Employee Privacy
- Employee Raiding
- Employee Representative
- Employee Rights
- Employee Rights Poster
- employee termination
- Employee Theft
- Employer
- Employer Mandate
- Employer Penalty
- employer shared responsibility
- Employment
- Employment Agreements
- Employment Contract
- Employment Contracts
- Employment Discrimination
- Employment Eligibility
- Employment law
- Employment Litigation
- Employment Policies
- Employment Policies; Labor Unions; Unions; NLRB
- Employment Practices Liability
- Employment Records
- Employment Suspension
- Employment Terms
- Encino Motorcars
- ENDA
- Enforcement
- English Only Policy
- Enhanced Government Enforcement
- EPCRS
- Epic Systems
- Epidemic
- EPLI
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Equal Pay
- Equal Pay Act
- Equal Pay Report
- Equal Protection
- Equal/Fair Pay
- Equitable Tolling
- Ergonomics
- ERISA
- ESA
- ESG
- Essential Business
- Essential Critical Infrastructure Worker
- Essential Employees
- Ethics
- ETS
- Event Cancellation
- Event Cancellation Insurance
- Events
- Evidentiary Requirements
- Excelsior List
- Excess Compensation Tax
- Excess Severance Tax
- Exclusion
- Exclusions
- Executive Compensation
- Executive Order
- Executive Order 11246
- Executive Order 13665
- Executive Order 13672
- Executive Order 13673
- Executive Order 13706
- Executive Orders
- Exempt
- Exempt/Non-Exempt Status
- Exemption
- exemptions
- Exhaustion
- Expense Reimbursement
- Expense Reimbursements
- Expressive Conduct
- extension
- F-1
- FAA
- FAAAA
- Face Covering
- Face Mask
- Failed Adoption
- Failed Surrogacy
- Failure to State a Claim
- Fair Chance Act
- Fair Credit Reporting Act
- Fair Employment Opportunity Act of 2011
- Fair Labor Standards Act
- Fair Pay
- Fair Pay Act
- Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces
- Fair Playing Field Act
- Fair Representation
- Fair Share
- Fair Wages for Workers with Disabilities Act
- Fairness for All Marylanders Act
- Families First Act
- Families First Coronavirus Response Act
- Family Care
- Family Friendly Workplace Ordinance
- Family Leave
- Family Responsibilities
- FAR Council
- Farmers Pride
- FASA
- FCPA
- FCRA
- Federal Acquisition Regulations
- Federal Agencies
- Federal Agency Rulemaking
- Federal Arbitration Act
- Federal Arbitration Association
- Federal Budget
- Federal Contract Compliance
- Federal Contractors
- federal court
- Federal Government Shutdown
- Federal Reserve
- Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure
- Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
- Federal Subcontractors
- Fee Disclosures
- FEHA
- FFCRA
- FICA
- Fiduciary
- Fiduciary Fees
- Fifth Circuit
- Fifth Circuit. Wage and hour
- Fight for 15
- Final Pay
- Final Rule
- Final Rulemaking
- Financial Institutions
- Financial Privacy
- Financial Reform
- Financial Services
- Financial Speculation Tax
- Fingerprinting
- Firearm Policies
- Firefighters
- First Amendment
- Flatbush Gardens
- Flexible Flyer
- Flexible Spending Account
- Float
- Florida
- FLSA
- FLSA Settlement Agreements
- FLSA/Wage & Hour
- FLSA; Collective Action; Class Action; Supreme Court; Sixth Circuit; Arbitration; NLRB
- Flu Vaccine
- FMLA
- FMLA/Leaves of Absence
- FOIA
- Food Safety
- Food Services
- Footwear
- Form 1094-B
- Form 1094-C
- Form 1095-B
- Form 1095-C
- Form I-9
- Form W-2
- Fourth Circuit
- FPIIS
- FPUC
- Franchise
- Franchise Rule
- Franchisee
- Franchisor
- Franchisor Liability
- Franchisor/Franchisee
- Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate
- FRD
- Free Speech
- Freelance Worker Protection Act
- Front Pay
- FRSA
- FSA
- FSIS
- FSMA
- FTC
- Furlough
- FUTA
- Garnishment
- Gary Enis
- Gavin Newsom
- Gender Discrimination
- Gender dysphoria
- Gender Identity
- Gender Stereotype
- Gender Sterotype
- General Counsel
- General Counsel Memo
- General Jurisdiction
- General Liability Insurance Policy
- Genetic Information
- Georgia
- Gig-Economy
- GINA
- GINA Proposed Rules
- good faith offer
- Government Contractors
- Government Contracts
- Government Enforcement
- Government Litigation
- Government Shutdown
- Graphic Designer
- Gratuities
- Gratuity
- Greg Robertson
- Gregory B. Robertson
- Grievance Settlement Agreements
- Grooming Policies
- Gross Negligence
- Gross v. FBL Financial Services
- Group Health Plans
- Guidance
- Guide for Employers
- Guide for Wounded Veterans
- Guns
- H-1B
- H-1B Visa
- H-1B1
- H.R. 3200
- H.R. 4173
- H.R. 674
- Hair Discrimination
- Hampton Roads
- Hanover Insurance
- Harassment
- Harassment Policies
- Harassment Prevention
- Harassment Training
- Hardship Distribution
- Harvard
- HazCom
- HB 2127
- Health Care
- health care reform
- Health Coverage Reporting
- Health Insurance Carriers
- Health Insurance Exchange
- Health Plan Identifier
- Health Plans
- Health Reimbursement Arrangements
- Health Risk Assessment
- Health Workplaces
- Healthcare
- Healthy
- Healthy Families Act of 2014
- Heat
- Heat Rule
- Helix
- Hewitt
- HHS
- highly-compensated
- Hilda Solis
- HIPAA
- HIPAA Wellness Rules
- hiring
- Hiring and Monitoring Employees
- Hiring Policies
- Hiring Practices
- Hiring Test
- Holly Wiliamson
- Holly Williamson
- Home Care Workers
- Hostile Work Environment
- Hotel Industry
- Hotel Workers
- Hotels
- Hourly Wage
- Hourly Workers
- Hours Worked
- HPID
- HR 620
- HRA
- HRAs
- Human Capital Rule
- Human Trafficking
- Hunton Andrews Kurth
- Hy-Brand
- I-9
- I2P2
- Ian Band
- ICE
- ICRAA
- IGT
- Illinois Drug Law
- Illinois Secure Choice Savings Program Act
- Immigration
- Immigration & Customs Enforcement
- Immigration and Nationality Law Blog
- Immigration Ban
- Immunity Notice
- Implied Consent
- In Loco Parentis
- In-home Care
- In-Plan Roth Rollover
- Inclusive Communities Project
- Independent Contractor
- Independent Contractors
- Indoor Airspace
- Industry Shutdown
- Inevitable Disclosure
- Infectious Period
- Inflatable Rat
- Influence & Power in Law Awards
- Injury-in-Fact
- Institute for Workplace Equality
- Insurance Agents
- Insurance Coverage
- Insurance Recovery
- Interactive Process
- Interlocutory
- Intermittent Leave
- International Game
- Interns
- Interpretation Letters
- Interrogation
- Invasion of Privacy
- Invention
- Investigations
- Investigatory Interview
- Iqbal
- IRS
- IRS Notice 2019-18
- Iskanian
- Isolation
- Itemized Listing
- J-1
- Jacqueline Berrien
- Jan Brewer
- Jarkesy
- Job Killers of 2019
- Job Posting
- Job postings
- Johnny Isakson
- Johnson & Johnson
- Joinder
- Joint Employer
- Joint Employment
- Jordan Barab
- Joy Silk
- Juan Enjamio
- Judge Hudson
- Judicial Estoppel
- Judicial Records
- Julia Trankiem
- Julia Trankiem; Los Angeles Business Journal; Awards
- Jurisdiction
- Jurisdictional Prerequisite
- Justin F. Paget
- Katherine Sandberg
- Katie Cole
- Kentucky River
- Kevin M. Eckhardt
- Kevin White
- Kin Care Law
- Knowles
- Kurt Larkin
- Kurt Powell
- L-1
- LA Times
- LABJ
- Labor
- Labor and Employment
- Labor and Pensions
- Labor and Workforce Development Agency
- Labor Certification
- Labor Code
- Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004
- Labor Code Section 558
- Labor Code §2801
- Labor Contractor Employee Report
- Labor Dispute
- Labor law
- Labor Management Relations Act
- Labor Regulations
- Labor Relations
- Labor Rights
- Labor Unions
- Labor-Management Relations
- Lactation Policies
- Lafe Solomon
- Lanham Act
- Lawdragon
- Layoff
- Layoff Avoidance
- Leadership Atlanta
- Leave
- Leave Law
- Leaves of Absence
- Legal 500
- Legal Standing
- Legislation
- Legislative (federal & State) Developments
- Legislative (Federal and State) Developments
- Legislative Developments
- legislative updates
- Lewis v. City of Chicago
- LGBT
- LGBT Rights
- LGBTQ
- LGBTQ Rights
- LGBTQ+
- Liability
- Lieselot Whitbeck
- LiftFund
- Light Duty
- Lilly Ledbetter Act
- Lincoln Lutheran
- Linda Puchala
- Lloyds
- LMRA
- LMRDA
- Local Ordinances
- Loper-Bright
- Los Angeles
- Los Angeles Business Journal
- Los Angeles County
- Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
- Los Angeles Fair Chance Initiative for Hiring
- Los Angeles Times
- Loss of Business Income
- Lung Disease
- Lutheran Heritage
- Lyft
- M-1
- M. Brett Burns
- Mach Mining
- machine learning
- Machine-Learning
- Mail Ballot
- Majority
- manageability
- Manager Rule
- mandate
- mandates
- Mandatory Closure
- Mandatory Vaccination
- Mariana Aguliar
- Marijuana
- Marijuana Laws
- Marijuana Possession
- Mark Pearce
- Marvin E. Kaplan
- Mary Kay Henry
- mask
- Mass Layoff
- Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Super Lawyer
- Massachusetts Wage Act
- Masterpiece Cakeshop
- McDonnell Douglas v. Green
- McLaren Macomb
- McReynolds v. Merrill Lynch
- Meal and Rest Breaks
- meal breaks
- Meal Period
- Meal Periods
- Meat Processing
- Med Trends
- Media Policies
- Media Policy
- Mediation
- Medical Clinics
- medical examinations
- Medical Marijuana
- Medical Records
- Medicare Tax
- Member Kaplan
- Member Ring
- Memo
- Memorandum
- Memorandum GC 19-01
- Mere Negligence
- Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Michael Levine
- Michele Beilke
- Micro Units
- Micro-Unions
- Middle Class Task Force
- Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act
- Military Leave
- Millea v. Metro-North Railroad
- Miller & Anderson
- Minimum Wage
- Miscarriage
- Misclassification
- Missouri
- Mitigation
- Mixed Motive
- Mobile Application
- Mobility
- Model Employer
- Mootness
- Motion to Dismiss
- MSPA
- Mulhall v. UNITE HERE
- Musculoskeletal Disorders
- NADAA
- Natalie Tynan
- National Emphasis Program
- National Labor Relations Act
- National Labor Relations Board
- National Law Journal
- National Law Review
- National Mediation Board
- National Origin
- National Origin Discrimination
- National Retail Federation
- NCAA
- NDA
- NDAA
- Nebraska
- Negligence
- Neil Gorsuch
- Neutrality
- Nevada
- New Jersey
- new law
- New Legislation
- New Process Steel
- New Star
- New York
- New York City
- New York City Human Rights Law
- New York Employment Laws
- New York Essential Business
- New York Human Rights Law
- New York Law
- New York Local Law 50
- New York Paid Vaccination Leave
- News & Events
- Ninth Circuit
- NLRA
- NLRB
- NLRB Poster
- NLRB; NLRA; Labor Law; Union; Collective Bargaining; Workplace Rights
- NLRB; Property Rights; Misclassification
- NLRB; Union; Collective Bargaining Agreement
- No-Poach Agreements
- No-Rehire
- Noah’s Ark
- Noel Canning
- non-binary
- Non-Compete
- Non-Compete Agreements
- Non-Competes
- Non-disclosure
- Non-Disclosure Agreements
- Non-discrimination
- Non-disparagement
- Non-Unit Employees
- Nonbinary Gender
- noncompete agreements
- Nondisclosure
- Notice 2010-84
- Notice 2012-9
- Notice 2013-74
- Notice 2014-19
- notice requirements
- NRLB
- NUHW
- Numerosity
- Numerosity Requirement
- Nursing Mothers
- NYC
- NYCHRL
- Oakwood Healthcare
- Obamacare
- Obergefell v. Hodges
- Obesity
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- ODEP
- OFCCP
- OFCCP Compliance; Affirmative Action; Agency Developments; Veteran Hiring
- OFCCP Developments
- OFCCP v. Florida Hospital of Orlando
- Off Duty Conduct
- Off-label Marketing
- Off-the-Clock Work
- Offer Of Judgment
- Offshoring
- OLMS
- omicron
- Ondray Harris
- Ondray T. Harris
- Online Accessibility
- Opinion Letters
- Opiod
- Opportunity to Compete Act
- Ordinary Disease of Life
- Oregon
- Organ Donor
- Organizing
- Organizing and the NLRB
- OSHA
- OSHA Developments
- Outbreak
- Outsourcing
- Overtime
- overtime exemption
- Overtime Exemptions
- Overtime Pay
- Overtime Regulations
- Overtime Rule
- Overtime Wages
- OWBPA
- Oxford Health Plans
- PAGA
- Paid Family Leave
- Paid Family Medical Leave
- Paid Interns
- Paid Leave
- Paid Sick Leave
- paid time off
- Paid Vaccine Leave
- Pandemic
- Pandemic Unemployment Assistance
- Parental Leave
- Patent
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- Patricia Shiu
- Pattern and Practice
- Paulsen v. Renaissance Equity Holdings
- Pay
- Pay and Promotions
- Pay Data
- pay disclosure
- Pay Discrimination
- Pay Equity
- Pay Reporting
- pay scale
- Pay Secrecy
- Pay Transparency
- Pay/Compensation
- Paycheck Deductions
- Paycheck Fairness Act
- Paycheck Protection Program
- Payroll Audit Independent Determination Program
- Payroll Debit Cards
- Payroll Taxes
- PBGC
- PCA
- PCC Structurals
- PCORI
- PDLL
- Penalties
- Penalty
- Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Minimum Wage Act
- Pension Plans
- Peoplemark
- PeopleSmart
- Perfectly Clear Doctrine
- Perfectly Clear Successor
- Performance and Accountability Report
- Period of Restoration
- Personal Jurisdiction
- Personal Jurisdiction; FLSA; Class Actions; Collective Action; General Jurisdiction; Specific Jurisdiction; Rule 23
- Personnel Policies
- Personnel Records
- Persuader Activity
- Persuader Agreements
- Persuader Rule
- Peter B. Robb
- Peter Schaumber
- Peter Sung Ohr
- Petition
- PEUC
- Phaladelphia Fair Practices Ordinance
- Philadelphia
- Pier 1 Imports
- Pitts v. Terrible Herbst
- Pizza Hut
- PLA
- plan sponsors
- Policies
- Portal-to-Portal Act
- Position Statement
- Post-Accident
- Poster Rule
- POWADA
- Poway Academy
- PPACA
- PPACA Checklist
- PPACA Timeline
- Practical Training
- Pre-Adverse Action Notice
- Pre-Adverse Action Requirements
- Precedent
- Predictable Scheduling
- Preemption
- Pregnancy Disability Leave
- Pregnancy Discrimination
- Pregnancy Discrimination Act
- Pregnancy Leave
- Pregnant Workers Fairness Act
- Preliminary Injunction
- Premium Pay
- Prenatal Leave
- Prescription Drug
- Prescription Drugs
- Prescription Medication
- Prevailing Wage
- Primary Beneficiary Test
- Prior Salary
- Privacy
- Private Equity Fund
- Privilege
- PRO Act
- Procedure
- Profanity
- Professional Responsibility
- Profiles in Diversity
- Progressive Discipline
- prohibition
- project labor agreement
- Property Rights
- Proposed Rule
- Proposed Rulemaking
- Proposed Rules
- Proposition 22
- Protected Activities
- Protected Activity
- Protected Concerted Activity
- Protecting Older Workers Against Discrimination Act
- Protective Order
- Protest
- provision
- PTO
- Public Accommodation
- Public Accommodations
- Public Bargaining
- Public Charge
- Public Entity
- Public Policy
- PUMP Act
- Punitive Damages
- Purchase Agreements
- Purple Communications
- PWFA
- Qualified Plans
- Quarantine
- Questioning
- Quickie Election
- Quickie Elections
- Race Discrimination
- Racial Equity
- Range
- Raytheon
- Reasonable Accommodation
- Reasonable Accommodations
- Recess Appointments
- Recordkeeping
- recruiting
- Reduction-in-Force
- Register Guard
- Regular Rate
- Regular Rate of Pay
- Regulation
- Regulations
- Regulatory Compliance
- Rehabilitation Act
- Reilly Moore
- Reimbursement
- Reimbursements
- release
- Religion
- Religious Accommodation
- Religious accommodation; Title VII; SCOTUS; Supreme Court; Third Circuit
- Religious Accommodations
- Religious Beliefs
- Religious Discrimination
- Religious Freedom Restoration Act
- Religious Institutions
- remedies
- Remote Work
- remote workforce
- Reopen Workplace
- Reopening Business
- Reopening Workplace
- Repeal
- report
- Reporting
- Reporting of Group Health Plans
- Reporting Pay
- Representation Election
- Representation Elections
- Representation Fairness Restoration Act
- Reprisal
- Reproductive Loss Event
- Reproductive Loss Leave
- Reproductive Rights
- Rescind
- RESPECT Act
- rest breaks
- Restaurant
- Restaurant Industry
- Restaurants
- Restoring Balance and Fairness to the National Labor Relations Board
- restriction
- Restrictive Covenants
- Restrictive Covenants Act
- Retail
- Retail Litigation Center
- Retaliation
- Retirement Plans
- Retirement Savings
- Return to Work
- Revenue Procedure 2013-12
- Revenue Ruling 2014-9
- Ricci v. DeStefano
- Richard Griffin
- RICO
- RIF
- RIFs
- right of first refusal
- Right to Disconnect
- Right to Know
- Right to Work
- Right-To-Sue
- Rising Star
- Rite Aid and Lamons Gasket
- Robert Quackenboss
- Roland Juarez
- Roland Juarez; Los Angeles Business Journal
- Roland M. Juarez
- Rollovers
- Roth
- Rounding Policy
- Rounding Time
- Rule 23
- Rule 68 Offer
- Rule-Making
- Rulemaking
- Ryan A. Glasgow
- Ryan Bates
- Ryan Glasgow
- Sabbath
- Safety
- Safety Incentives
- Salary
- Salary Basis Test
- Salary History
- Salary History Bans
- Salary History Inquiries
- Salary Inquiry
- Salary Reduction
- Sales Commissions
- Same-Sex
- Same-sex couples
- San Francisco
- San Francisco Fair Chance Ordinance
- Sanjee Weliwitigoda
- Sara Harlow
- Sarbanes-Oxley
- SB 459
- SB 553
- SB 95
- SB-973
- SBA
- SBC
- SCA
- Scabby
- Scale
- Scheduling Letter
- Schneiderman
- School Closings
- Scope Of Coverage
- Scott Brown
- Scott H. Kimpel
- Scott Nelson
- SCOTUS
- Sealed Records
- SEC
- Second Circuit
- Secondary Boycotts
- Section 125
- Section 1557
- Section 1983
- Section 203
- Section 2802
- Section 302
- Section 7
- Section 7 Rights
- Secure Scheduling
- Security
- Security Screenings
- Seff v. Broward County
- SEIU
- Self-Insured Health Plans
- Senate Bill 1162
- Separation Agreements
- Settlement
- Settlement Agreement
- Settlement Agreements
- Settlement Disclosure
- Seventh Circuit
- severance
- Severance Agreements
- Severance Payments
- Severe Injury Report
- Sex Discrimination
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexual Orientation
- SFFA
- Shaena Rowland
- Shannon S. Broome
- Sharon Block
- Sharon Goodwyn
- Shelter in Place
- Short-Time Compensation Program
- Shutdowns
- Sick Leave
- Sick Pay
- Silica Standards
- Single employer
- SIR Dashboard
- Siren Retail
- Sixth Circuit
- Slow the Spread
- Social Distancing
- Social Media
- Social Media Evidence
- Social Media Policy
- Solicitation Policy
- Solicitation/Distribution Policy
- Southern California Pizza Co.
- Speak Out Act
- Specialty Healthcare
- Specific Jurisdiction
- Spirituality Programs
- Spokeo
- Spoliation
- Spousal Rights
- Standard of Review
- Standing
- Staples
- Starbucks
- state court
- state legislation
- Statistical Audits
- Statute of Limitations
- Statute of Repose
- Statutes of Limitations
- Staub v. Proctor Hospital
- Stay Violations
- Steering Claims
- STEM
- Stengart v. Loving Care Agency
- Stephen Pattison
- Stewart Acuff
- Stillborn
- Strategic Objectives
- Strategic Plan
- Stray Markings
- Stray Remarks
- Strike
- Strike Plans
- Strike Tactics
- Students for Fair Admissions
- SUB Payments
- Subcommittee on Health
- Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
- Subpoena
- Subpoena Duces Tecum
- Substantial Compliance
- Successor Bargaining Duty
- Successor Company
- Successor Employer
- Successor Employer Duty to Bargain
- Successor Liability
- Suitable Seating
- Summary of Benefits and Coverage
- Super Lawyers
- Supervisor
- Supplemental Paid Sick Leave
- Supply Chain
- Supreme Court
- Susan Wiltsie
- Suspension
- Suzan Kern
- Systemic Discrimination
- Systemic Enforcement
- Taxpayer Responsibility Accountability and Consistency Act
- TCPA
- Technatomy Corporation
- Telecommuting
- Telephone Consumer Protection Act
- Telework
- Temporary Employees
- Temporary Reinsurance Program
- Temporary Workers
- Tenth Circuit
- Terence Connor
- Terrence Flynn
- Tesla
- Test Factor
- Testing
- Texas
- Texas Constitution
- Texas Lawyer
- Texas Legal Awards
- Texas Mutual v. Ruttiger
- Texas Regulatory Consistency Act
- Texting
- The Board
- The Boeing Company
- The Opportunity to Work Ordinance
- Third Circuit
- Third-party Liability
- Thompson v. North American Stainless
- Thriving in Their 40s
- Time Rounding
- Timekeeping
- Tip
- Tip Credit
- Tip Pooling
- Tip Sharing
- Tipped Employees
- Tipped Workers
- Tipping Policies
- Tips
- Title III
- Title IX
- Title VII
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Tolling
- Top Insurance Cases
- TRAC
- Trade Secrets
- Trade Secrets & Non-Competes
- Trademark
- Traditional labor
- Trailblazer
- Training
- Training Programs
- Transgender
- Transgender Rights
- Transparency
- TransUnion
- Tratree
- Traxler v. Multnomah County
- Tri-Cast
- Trial Management
- TRICARE
- Trucking Industry
- Trump
- Trump Administration
- Trump Rule
- Tyler S. Laughinghouse
- Typicality Requirement
- U.S. Senate
- U.S. Senate Finance Committee
- UAW
- Uber
- Uber Drivers
- ULP
- ULP Charge
- UNC
- Unconscionability Doctrine
- Undocumented Workers
- undue hardship
- Unemployment
- Unemployment Benefits
- Unemployment Compensation
- Unemployment Discrimination
- Unemployment Insurance
- Unfair Labor Charge
- Unfair Labor Practice
- Unfair Labor Practices
- Uniform Glossary
- Unilateral Change
- Union
- Union Apparel
- Union Button
- Union Dues
- Union Election
- Union Elections
- Union Information Request
- Union Insignia
- Union Logo
- Union Organizing
- Union Organizing and the NLRB
- Union Rat
- Union Representation
- Union Representation Elections
- Union Sticker
- Unions
- United States v. Windsor
- University of North Carolina
- Unlawful Insistence
- Unlimited Vacation
- Unsuccessful Assisted Reproduction
- UPMC Braddock
- US Chamber of Commerce
- US Supreme Court
- USAction
- USCIS
- USDA
- Use or Lose Rule
- USERRA
- Vacation
- Vacation Pay
- Vacation Scheduling
- Vaccination
- Vaccine
- Vaccine Incentives
- Vaccines
- Valley Hospital Medical Center
- Variant
- VBA
- VCP
- Venue
- Veterans Preference Act
- VETS-100A
- VETS-4212
- VEVRAA
- Victoria Lipnic
- Video
- Viking River
- Virginia
- Virginia Business Magazine
- Virginia Center for Inclusive Communities
- Virginia Employment Legislation
- Virginia Human Rights Act
- Virginia Labor Law
- Virginia Law
- Virginia Lawyers Weekly
- Virginia Marijuana Laws
- Virginia Overtime Wage Act
- Virginia Wage Payment Act
- Virginial Lawyers Weekly
- Virus
- Visa Waiver
- Vital Industry
- Volks Rule
- Voluntary Incentive
- Voter List
- VW
- Wage & Hour
- Wage and Hour
- Wage and Hour Exclusion
- Wage Equality Act
- Wage Fixing
- Wage Inquiries
- Wage Investigation
- Wage Payment
- Wage Penalties
- Wage Reduction
- Wage Statement
- Wage Theft
- Wage Theft Prevention Act
- Wage Transparency
- Waiter
- Waiting Period Rules
- Waiver
- Waivers
- walk around
- Walling v. Portland Terminal
- Wang v. Chinese Daily News
- WARN
- WARN Act
- Washington DC
- We Can Help
- Weapons
- Web Accessibility
- Web Designer
- Webinar
- Website
- Website Accessibility
- Weight Restrictions
- Weingarten
- Wellness Programs
- Wesson
- West Virginia Workplace Freedom Act
- WHD
- Whistleblower
- Whistleblowers
- White Collar Exemption
- William Emanuel
- William J. Emanuel
- Wilma Liebman
- Windsor Decision
- Withdrawal of Recognition
- withholding requirements
- Witness Statements
- Women
- Women In Leadership
- Women of Influence
- Women’s Equality Act
- Work Schedule
- Work Transfers
- Work-Sharing
- Worker Misclassification
- Worker Protection
- Worker Safety
- Workers Bill of Rights
- Workers Compensation
- Workers' Compensation Insurance
- Workplace AI
- Workplace Diversity
- Workplace Investigations
- Workplace Monitoring
- Workplace Policies
- Workplace Privacy
- Workplace Rules
- Workplace Safety
- Workplace Technology
- Workplace Violence
- Workplace Violence Prevention
- WR Reserve
- Wrongful Discharge
- Year In Review
Authors
- Jessica N. Agostinho
- Walter J. Andrews
- Ian P. Band
- Ryan M. Bates
- Christy E. Bergstresser
- Theanna Bezney
- Jesse D. Borja
- Brian J. Bosworth
- Jason P. Brown
- M. Brett Burns
- Daniel J. Butler
- Christopher J. Cunio
- Jacqueline Del Villar
- Kimberlee W. DeWitt
- Robert T. Dumbacher
- Raychelle L. Eddings
- Elizabeth England
- Juan C. Enjamio
- Karen Jennings Evans
- Geoffrey B. Fehling
- Jason Feingertz
- Katherine Gallagher
- Ryan A. Glasgow
- Sharon S. Goodwyn
- Meredith Gregston
- Eileen Henderson
- Kirk A. Hornbeck
- J. Marshall Horton
- Roland M. Juarez
- Keenan Judge
- Suzan Kern
- Elizabeth King
- Stephen P. Kopstein
- Torsten M. Kracht
- James J. La Rocca
- Kurt G. Larkin
- Jordan Latham
- Tyler S. Laughinghouse
- Crawford C. LeBouef
- Michael S. Levine
- Michelle S. Lewis
- Brandon Marvisi
- Lorelie S. Masters
- Reilly C. Moore
- Michael J. Mueller
- J. Drei Munar
- Alyce Ogunsola
- Christopher M. Pardo
- Michael A. Pearlson
- Adriana A. Perez
- Kurt A. Powell
- Robert T. Quackenboss
- D. Andrew Quigley
- Michael Reed
- Jennifer A. Reith
- Amber M. Rogers
- Alexis Zavala Romero
- Zachary Roop
- Adam J. Rosser
- Katherine P. Sandberg
- Elizabeth L. Sherwood
- Cary D. Steklof
- C. Randolph Sullivan
- Veronica A. Torrejón
- Debra Urteaga
- Emily Burkhardt Vicente
- Kevin J. White
- Holly H. Williamson
- Susan F. Wiltsie